How did the bear flag revolt come to an

The war between the United States and Mexico had been declared on May 13, 1846, but this news was not known in California until mid-July 1846. However, in the face of rumors of an alleged action by the Mexican government against the settlers of American origin in the territory, a group of thirty-three armed men seized the city of Sonoma, flying a white flag with a bear and a star (the "bear flag") to symbolize the birth of the Republic of California, independent of Mexico.  

That same day, June 14, the rebels captured the former Mexican commander of Northern California, General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, who was the leader of the military company stationed at the Sonoma Presidio. Sent to Fort Sutter, he was imprisoned on August 1, 1846.

The first and only president of the new Republic was the American pioneer William B. Ide, whose presidency lasted twenty-five days.

In April 1846, the beginning of the war being imminent, the federal government sent Colonel Rafael Tellez to the front of a large military body, very well equipped, to embark for Alta California and help defend the territory, much coveted by the United States. But upon arriving in Mazatlan, Tellez rebelled against President Mariano Paredes de Arrillaga and stayed in Sinaloa, where in complicity with foreign merchants he established a post in the southern part of the state and stole it from obedience to the local government. While this was happening, the US Pacific squad landed marines in Alta California (July 1846) which, after a violent struggle, managed to defeat the Mexican settlers, abandoned to their own forces, because in addition to Tellez revolted in Mazatlan, another detachment sent by Acapulco was retained in that region by the Native chief Juan Alvarez.

The Mexican governor, General Jose Castro, tried to stop the revolt and sent a detachment of 50 men against the rebels, but on June 23, 1846, the commander of the US Army John C. Fremont arrived with an army of sixty armed men, joined the "bear flaggers" and took command of the combined forces. The Mexican soldiers were defeated in the Battle of Olompali.

On July 7, a frigate and two sloops of the US Navy, under the orders of John D. Sloat, defeated the Mexican Coast Guard of the port of Monterrey, California, in a minor skirmish ( the Battle of Monterrey). This action indicated to Fremont that the war between Mexico and the United States had begun. In view of this fact, the "bear flaggers" abandoned the idea of creating an independent republic and joined the fight with the intention of incorporating California into the United States of America, as a sign of this new objective; They replaced the bear's flag with the American one. President Ide went from being the first magistrate of the republic to becoming a simple soldier of the "California Battalion", controlled by Fremont.

in griswold v. connecticut (1965), the supreme court ruled that a state's ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy.

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.