What type of government did most renaissance italian city-states have

What does the quote describe? “the closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us….the shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable.”

The french huguenots migrated to america because they were being persecuted for

What could hapsburg monarchs habe done to foster a common national sentiment among people of the austrian empire