Before the year 1500: a. new national monarchs were engaged in expanding royal authority in england, france and spain. b. "southernization" had created a zone of prosperity centered in the indian ocean basin. c. constantinople had fallen to the ottomans who now ruled the islamic world. d. ming naval expeditions to africa and arabia had ceased. e. the effectiveness of europe's traditional methods of organizing society had been strengthened by the fourteenth-century crisis. f. the mamluk sultanate had fallen due to the economic impact of the black death. g. a b c and d h. a b d and f i. a b c d and f j. all of the above