Which of the following effects of the decline and fall of the byzantine empire was not a factor leading to the italian renaissance?
a)the loss of control over parts of the italian peninsula allowed independent city-states to prosper
b)the ottoman empire stabilized trade in the mediterranean by eliminating the threat of piracy
c)the fall of constantinople to the turks severed land-based trade routes between europe and asia
d)the fall of the byzantine empire marked the end of the feudal system and the rise of two new social classes