The main effect of muckraker upton sinclair’s the jungle was it increased environmental awareness and decreased pollution brought about reform of the meatpacking industry by the government creating and enforcing laws to make it safer and cleaner encouraged the government to break up the oil monopoly and regulate the steel industry forced the federal government to establish national forests

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affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts