"the modern civil rights movement pushed for an end to both de jure and de facto discrimination. when did this movement begin? "

There was an increase in public policies seeking to foster racial equality in the 1950s. On December 1, 1955,  the modern civil rights movement pushed for an end to both de jure and de facto discrimination movement begin. It began when Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for refusing to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama.

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful