The text below from the pact of umar was offered by the caliph umar to a group of people in the territory he commanded in the seventh century. use this text to answer the following question: in the name of god, the merciful and compassionate. this is a letter to the servant of god umar [ibn al-khattab], commander of the faithful, from the christians of such-and-such a city. when you came against us, we asked you for safe-conduct (aman) for ourselves, our descendants, our property, and the people of our community, and we undertook the following obligations toward you: we shall not build, in our cities or in their neighborhood, new monasteries, churches, convents, or monks' cells, nor shall we repair, by day or by night, such of them as fall in ruins or are situated in the quarters of the muslims. we shall keep our gates wide open for passersby and travelers. we shall give board and lodging to all muslims who pass our way for three days. we shall not give shelter in our churches or in our dwellings to any spy, nor bide him from the muslims. we shall not teach the qur'an to our children… we accept these conditions for ourselves and for the people of our community, and in return we receive safe-conduct. if we in any way violate these undertakings for which we ourselves stand surety, we forfeit our covenant [dhimma], and we become liable to the penalties for contumacy and sedition. public domain which of these groups most likely authored this text? slaves muslim arabs muslim non-arabs people of the book

what are local authorities doing to fix the problem

explanation:

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.