White southerners who defended slavery were called a: apologists. b: abolitionists. c: slaveholders. d: spectators.

The correct answer is A. Apologists

Explanation:

During the history of U.S. slavery was one of the main issues in the American society and by the 19th it became the cause of division between the Southern states that supported slavery and that rely on an economy based on it and the Northern states that supported the abolition of slavery. In this contexts those that wanted slavery to end were called the abolitionist, those that owned slaves were slaveholders and those that defended slavery (especially Southerners) were called apologists or pro-slavery apologist. Indeed, apologists believed slavery was necessary in societies and ending with it would have negative consequences. Therefore, the Southerners who defended slavery were called apologists.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

ok sorry the answer is a. by their religion