In the islamic religion a disagreement about muhammad's successor led to what? a) the crusades b) the sunni and shi'a split c) the beginnings of christianity d) the end of the islamic religion

1. what was the result of growing nationalism and pan-africanism on european-african relations? africans were encouraged to seek independence from europe. european colonialism grew and strengthened in africa. the change of power from european to african rule went smoothly. africans believed they could live peacefully with europeans.