Which of these immigrant groups formed the constituent base for the political machines of “boss” tweed, james curley, richard daley, and tom pendergast? a) german b)irish c)lithuanian d)mexican

B) Irish

Explanation:

    The United States was the most corrupt democracy on the planet for a long time from 1776 until the Second World War. The US elections were largely rigged or bought by mafia "machines", as was Roosevelt's last election where the Prendergast "machine" that dominated Missouri policy, headed by Tom Prendergast, imposed a shirt-store salesman, a certain Harry Truman as Vice President and Roosevelt had to accept because he needed the votes of that state. The Daley family in Chicago has dominated the Illinois elections for four generations. Of Irish origin, it operates a voting machine that secured John Kennedy's election in 1960. One Daley was mayor of Chicago in 1955 and another Daley was mayor in 2011, political oligarchies are not just in Brazil.

    New Tork state and city politics were the most corrupt in US political history (many say it still is). Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party group that from the nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century controlled elections in the state and city of New York with legendary chieftain William Tweed. One of his mayors, popular Jimmy Walker, was arrested for corruption, but another chief, Al Smith, was governor of New York several times and nominated for presidential nomination in 1928, losing to Herbert Hoover. The Tammany Hall gang, an expression that is synonymous with corruption in American history, only ended the election of Republican Fiorello La Guardia as mayor of New York, which ended the Tammany Hall “scheme”.

 The same voter voted ten times on the same day and then got a dinner, incoming immigrants were taken off the ships to vote and in return the boss gave them the coveted identity card. The boss William Tweed sold City Hall land and all the works were overpriced, "box" was collected weekly from bars, tenements and brothels.

in the united states, the president is controlled by the

constitution, and in all respects subordinate to it. insofar

as it deals with presidential power, however, the american

constitution has proved to be a highly malleable document.

with very few exceptions,' the constitutional provisions relating to the president have not been changed at all since

they were ratified in 1787. but in the late twentieth century, those provisions do not mean what they meant in

1787. the constitution is a legal document, and it is enforced judicially; but its meaning was hardly fixed when it

was ratified. in particular, the contemporary president has

far broader powers than the original constitution contemplated. it is remarkable but true that large-scale changes in

the authority of the president have been brought about

without changes in the constitutional text, but nevertheless

without significant illegality.

this is a paradox. is it not clear that constitutional

changes, if not textual, are illegal? the paradox has considerable relevance to our current thinking about the presidency in particular and about constitutionalism in general.

perhaps the framers of the american constitution feared

legislative power most of all; 2 but from well-known events

in the twentieth century, it is possible to conclude that it is

presidential power that holds out the greatest risks to both

liberty and democracy. the president is by far the most visible leader in the nation; he is often the only person in government with a national constituency. moreover, he is

who was the head of the bureau who was the head of the bureau