The term "californios" referred in the 1830s and 1840s to in california. a. mexican cattle ranchers b. the indian inhabitants c. u. s.-born immigrants d. any individual e. american merchants

The correct answer is A. The term California has multiple interpretations. The first use of the term was for the Spanish settlers in the first official Spanish settlement. The term now is used to describe a person of the Spanish or Mexican ancestry born or having a place of residence in the California. Also, a term used for Mexican cattle ranchers during the middle of 19th century. 

the correct option is through education. according to exodus 18, jethro advises moses to delegated some his responsibilities related to settling disputes. to effective do so, he appointed the leaders of tens, fifties, hundreds and thousands they served as teachers and advisers, as judges, and as leaders in case of war. but first, he had to teach them to perform such duties: he taught the statutes and the laws and the word of god not only to those who would hear the disputes, but also those who might dispute.

a hypothesis is an expected answer to a question, usually based on some theory or prior research. hypothesis testing is a method of determining the viability of a hypothesis. let’s use the us presidential election as an example. there are many hypotheses (questions) about how people feel or whom they will vote for. the only way to know the 100% “truth” about the answers to these questions is to ask every single possible voter – something that is impossible, expensive, time consuming etc. instead, we take samples and use statistics to make “best guesses” about the answer to a particular hypothesis. we never know for sure if our conclusion is right at the time we accept/reject it, but these techniques, when used appropriately can get us close to the truth most of the time (which is a lot better than guessing, flipping coins or throwing darts to get answers).

the tricky part about hypothesis testing is that we have to think somewhat backwards about it – we have to test what is known as the “null hypothesis”. as an example, the hypothesis might be “obama is more popular than romney” while the null hypothesis is “there is no difference in popularity between obama and romney”. we focus on the null hypothesis because it tells us exactly what the expected value of our tests should be (obama popularity = romney popularity) and we can collect data and see if it comes out that way (see next section on “significance”). if it does, then we “accept the null hypothesis” and reject our original hypothesis. if the null hypothesis is disproven, we look at the data to see if our original hypothesis holds (obama> romney).