What means of transportation were available to migrants crossing the united states during the different eras?

Earlier to the 1800s, settlers had to cross the United States by means of horses and wagons. By the early 1800s, canals began to assist opening up the interior. In the late 1800s, the railroads facilitated people settle down to earlier unreachable areas in the west. By the 1900s, the U.S. federal highway system assisted people effortlessly migrate through the country. 

i think they would live in caves or natural tunnels