The idea that the state itself, rather than other states or a non-state entity, can decide rules for a territory is the concept of

The idea that the state itself, rather than other states or a non-state entity, can choose rules for a territory is the concept of state sovereignty. Sovereignty is the power or right of the state to administer the state without any meddling or interference from outside sources or bodies.

your answer would be (a)

john smith was the first englishman to sail around the world. francis bacon served as attorney general and lord chancellor of england. he took up aristotelian ideas, arguing for an empirical, inductive approach, known as the scientific method, which is the foundation of modern scientific inquiry.