All of the following contributed to the thirteen colonies' discontent with British rule except: a. new taxes levied to help pay for colonial wars. b. crackdowns on colonial smuggling. c. new restrictions on religious freedom. d. British attempts to protect Native Americans' land from settler incursions. e. the idea that colonists were taxed but lacked political representation.

booker t. washington was an educator who established the tuskegee institute. washington argued that african americans should learn trades that would offer them the opportunity to be progressive citizens. instead of fighting against discrimination, washington argued that african americans should use their education and knowledge to become self-sufficient in american society and not in competition with white americans.

w.e.b du bois was the founder of the niagara movement and later the naacp, du bois disagreed with washington. he argued that african americans should consistently fight for racial equality.

ida b. wells was a journalist who wrote about the horrors of lynching in the south. wells work could be considered muckraking as it led to the development of the anti-lynching campaign.

c. is the western hemisphere.

because they can and they wanted to.