Document B Source: Excerpt from “Science,” by Cristian Violatti, published in the Ancient History Encyclopedia.
...the development of Chinese science is strongly linked to government officials. The court astronomers were particularly interested in the sciences of astronomy and mathematics, since the calendar was a sensitive imperial matter: the life of the sky and the life on earth had to develop in harmony, and the sun and the moon regulated the different festivals. During the time of Confucius (c. 551 to c. 479 BCE), Chinese astronomers successfully calculated the occurrence of eclipses.
Geometry developed as a result of the need to measure land, while algebra was imported from India. During the 2nd century BCE, after many centuries and generations, a mathematical essay named The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art was completed. This work contained mostly practical mathematical procedures including topics such as determining the areas of fields of different shapes (for taxation purposes), pricing of different goods, commodities rate exchange and fair taxation. This book develops algebra, geometry, and also mentions negative quantities for the first time in recorded history. Zu Chongzhi (429–500 CE), estimated the right value of pi to the sixth decimal place and improved the magnet, which had been discovered centuries earlier.
Where the Chinese displayed an exceptional talent was at making inventions. Gunpowder, paper, woodblock printing, [and] the compass are some of the many Chinese inventions.
How did the technologies of gunpowder, printing, and the compass spread out of Asia? Where did these technologies spread to and what was their impact?

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