A few people witness a burglary. Before the police arrive, one witness confidently tells the others that the burglar was wearing a yellow shirt, though in fact the shirt was orange. Later, when the police interview each witness individually, almost all of them state that they remember a yellow shirt. The memory error is referred to as.

information is crucial for making good decisions

the missile gap was the cold war term used in the us for the perceived superiority of the number and power of the ussr's missiles in comparison with its own (a lack of military parity).

in classical conditioning the organism learns to associate new stimuli with natural, biological responses such as salivation or fear. the organism does not learn something new but rather begins to perform in an existing behavior in the presence of a new signal. operant conditioning, on the other hand, is learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior and can involve the learning of new actions.