Why did independent city-states emerge in ancient Greece?

The physical topography of the Mediterranean area is most likely responsible for the development of Greek city-states. The environment is characterized by rugged, steep terrain and a large number of islands. As a result of these physical obstacles, population centers were geographically separated from one another. The sea was often the most convenient mode of transportation from one location to another.

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some american cities felt workers were being oppressed by business monopolies

roosevelt believed that in light of the country's recent military successes, it was unnecessary to use force to achieve foreign policy goals, so long as the military could threaten force. this belief, and his strategy of “speaking softly and carrying a big stick,” shaped much of roosevelt's foreign policy.