The term humanism, when applied to renaissance italy, refers primarily to the

post the grid otherwise i cant .

also it sounds like a math question not history.

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.