provide an example in which oppressive forces (states, institutions, politicians, etc) have offered symbolic change(s) in place of substantive change(s).

for the united states of america, 1945 to 1964 was a time of high economic growth and general prosperity. it was also a time of confrontation as the capitalist united states and its allies politically opposed the soviet union and other communist countries; the cold war had begun.

explanation:

the phenomenon that would be cited as evidence of increased economic interdependence between europe and the americas is  the development of mercantilism.

this theory suggests that the wealth of a country depends on its economic assets, or capital.

hope this : )

hi, according to my research the answer to the first question would be false. al tabari was the author of the first medical encyclopedia & he was a persian scholar not arab