What led to the call for civil service reform? What were the effects of civil service reform?

Answer for the Effects of civil service reform.

The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 eliminated the spoils system of the 19th century, which rewarded individuals for partisan loyalty and service through appointments to government positions.

independent innovation during the abbasid caliphate

for hobos it was a very hard time most hid on the sides of the railroad tracks causing people to get bulls and get them off sometimes causing in fatal death they couldnt get people to give them money because the   people were also in need of money