Which geographic factor in Russia played a role in napoleons defeat in 1812 and Hitler’s defeat at Stalingrad in 1943?

Read article 231 of the treaty of versailles. the allied governments affirm, and germany accepts, the responsibility of germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the allied governments and their peoples have been subjected as a consequence of the war. what was the consequence of germany having to accept this article? a.) germany would have to pay war reparations. b.) germany would have to accept new colonies. c.) germany would have to give part of its territory to poland. d.) germany would have to join the league of nations.

Before the civil war, the constitution protected slavery -true -false

What country was the philippines declaring independence from in this proclamation?