The Crusades provided an outlet for nobles' dreams of glory. Wars of foreign conquest had occurred before the Crusades, as the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 illustrates, but for many knights migration began with the taking the cross. The Crusades introduced some Europeans to Eastern luxury goods, but immediate cultural impact on the West remains debatable. By the late eleventh century strong economic and intellectual ties with the East had already been made. Â The Crusades were a boon to Italian merchants, however, who profited from outfitting military expeditions as well as from the opening of new trade routes and the establishment of trading communities in the Crusader states.
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The Crusades proved to be a disaster for Jewish-Christian relations. Â In the eleventh century Jews played a major role in the international trade between the Muslim Middle East and the West. Jews also lent money to peasants, townspeople, and nobles. When the First Crusade was launched, many poor knights had to borrow from Jews to equip themselves for the expedition. Â Debt bred resentment. Hostility to Jews was then enhanced by Christian beliefs that they engaged in the ritual murder of Christians to use their blood in religious rituals. Such accusations led to the killing of Jewish families and sometimes entire Jewish communities, sometimes by burning people in the synagogue or Jewish section of town.
Legal restrictions on Jews gradually increased. Jews were forbidden to have Christian servants or employees, to hold public office, to appear in public on Christian holy sites, or to enter Christian parts of town without a badge marking them as Jews.
The Crusades also left an inheritance of deep bitterness in Christian-Muslim relations. Each side dehumanized the other, viewing those who followed the other religions as unbelievers. Whereas Europeans perceived the Crusades as sacred religious movements, Muslims saw them as expansionist and imperialistic. The ideal sacred mission to conquer or convert Muslim peoples entered Europeans’ consciousness and became a continuing goal.
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