All of the following were Allied advances in intelligence-gathering in World War II EXCEPT the a. breaking of Japanese codes.

b. establishment of the British Ultra project.

c. breaking of some German codes early in the war.

d. creation of the first programmable, digital computer.

e. capture of the German Colossus Il computer.

The tower commission, appointed by president reagan in 1987 to investigate how the iran-contra affair had happened, concluded that most of the blame lay with a. president reagan himself, for careless management of his subordinates b. congress, for poorly drawn legislation that failed to define carefully the role of the president's national security council c. the american people, for failing to pay attention to the conduct of international affairs d. the federal courts, for having allowed excessive power to flow to the executive branch