What argument did the university make in Regents v. Bakke? The student was not a good candidate to be a doctor.
Racial quotas were not used to make admissions decisions.
Minority applicants did not receive special treatment.
Minority students with lower grades were admitted.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

by improved communication.