Briefly describe ONE major difference between Du Bois’ and Litwack’s historical interpretations of Reconstruction. Briefly explain ONE historical effect of Reconstruction, as described by Du Bois or Litwack. Briefly describe ONE way in which the effects of Reconstruction for African Americans, as described by Du Bois or Litwack, compared with the effects of the American Revolution for African Americans in the period from 1776 to 1800.

Interest groups representing businesses and investors are often among the most successful lobbying groups for all of the following reasons, except a. such groups have the financial resources to mount sustained campaigns on their own behalf b. these groups' members contribute heavily to many legislators' campaigns and in so doing gain greater access to legislators c. these groups have often been in existence for decades, allowing them to both master the legislative system and develop close ties with legislators d. the members of these groups make up the majority of voters in many districts