I need the anwser for the first drop down menu only
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from the conditions of the working class in england by friedrich engels,the main idea is :

d. it adversely affected american productivity

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.