I am tired of talk that comes to nothing. It makes my heart sick when I remember all the good words and the broken promises. There has been too much talking by men who had no right to talk … If the white man wants to live in peace with the Indian he can live in peace. There need be no trouble. Treat all men alike. Give them the same laws. Give them all an even chance to live and grow … You might as well expect all rivers to run backward as that any man who was born a free man should be contented penned up and denied liberty … -Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce, speech in Washington DC, 1879

Chief Joseph is describing U. S. government policies associated with

the Fourteenth Amendment

the Homestead Act

the Dawes Act

the Emancipation Proclamation