The map below shows the christian, or crusader, states at the start of the crusades around 1100 ce. use the map to answer the following question:

what does the map suggest about the crusaders in the holy land circa 1100 ce?

a. the crusaders depended on close cooperation with the seljuk empire.
b. the crusaders had difficulty gaining control of interior lands.
c. the crusaders kept the borders of their states on areas of flat, accessible land.
d. the crusaders maintained a close diplomatic relationship with each other between states.

B. The crusaders didn't like traveling by land.

pepin the short[a] (german: pippin der kurze, french: pépin le bref, c. 714 – 24 september 768) was the king of the franks from 751 until his death. he was the first of the carolingians to become king.[b][2]

the younger son of the frankish prince charles martel and his wife rotrude, pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of st. denis. succeeding his father as the mayor of the palace in 741, pepin reigned over francia jointly with his elder brother carloman. pepin ruled in neustria, burgundy, and provence, while his brother carloman established himself in austrasia, alemannia and thuringia. the brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the bavarians, aquitanians, saxons, and the alemanni in the early years of their reign. in 743, they ended the frankish interregnum by choosing childeric iii, who was to be the last merovingian monarch, as figurehead king of the franks.

this act gave the federal government the power to relocate any native in the east to territory west of the mississippi river.