By the end of the reconstruction era, most african-americans in the united states a) had received a free college education paid for by wealthy northerners. b) found themselves owners of the land their ancestors had worked on as slaves. c) began to migrate in massive numbers to the rural south to pursue farming jobs. d) found themselves increasingly left out of the political process because of poll taxes and literacy tests.

I believe the answer is: D) found themselves increasingly left out of the political process because of poll taxes and literacy tests.

In the past, voters are required to pay and past literacy test before they able to select candidates. This prevent many African American from voting since they receive no education during their time as slaves, which create a situation where there is no representatives that are willing to fight for their cause.