How did the conference of berlin in 1878 affect the territories of eastern europe?

The Conference of Berlin of 1878 recognized the full independence of the principalities of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania, and the autonomy of Bulgaria, which was still formally under the authority of the Ottoman Empire and which was divided between the Principality of Bulgaria and the province autonomy of Eastern Rumelia, thus frustrating the Russian plans to create a "Great Bulgaria" allied with Russia. The Bulgarian territories of San Stefano were divided into three units: the autonomous principality, Rumelia with its Christian governor approved by the great powers and also autonomous, and Macedonia, which remained fully incorporated into the empire.

The Ottoman province of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the sanctuary of Novi Pazar fell under Austro-Hungarian military occupation, although formally they still belonged to the Ottoman Empire. The boundaries drawn in the treaty remained almost unchanged until the Balkan wars of 1912-1913.

Romania obtained part of the Dobruya, but had to cede to Russia the south of Bessarabia. Russia also received Ardahan, Batum and Kars.

The three new independent states were proclaimed kingdoms (Romania on March 13, 1881, Serbia on March 23, 1882 and Montenegro on August 28, 1910), while Bulgaria would not proclaim full independence until 1908, after annexing East Rumelia in 1885. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia in 1908, provoking the Bosnian crisis, one of the largest in Europe. The Balkan territories were disappointed by the treaty, which did not satisfy their territorial anxieties.

The Conference also vaguely proposed a rectification of borders between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire that was carried out after intense negotiations in 1881 with the transfer of Thessaly to Greece.

paul willis (born 1950) is a british social scientist known for his work in sociology and cultural studies. paul willis' work is widely read in the fields of sociology, anthropology, and education, his work emphasizing consumer culture, socialization, music, and popular culture. he was born in wolverhampton[1] and received his education at the university of cambridge and at the university of birmingham. he worked at centre for contemporary cultural studies and subsequently at the university of wolverhampton. he was a professor of social/cultural ethnography at keele university. in the autumn of 2010, he left keele university and is now a professor at princeton university.

paul willis’s work has focused mainly, but not exclusively, on the ethnographic study of lived cultural forms in a wide variety of contexts. from highly structured to weakly structured ones, willis examines how practices of `informal cultural production` to produce and construct cultural worlds `from below`.[2]

trained in literary criticism at cambridge,[2] paul willis received his phd in 1972 from the centre for contemporary cultural studies at birmingham university where he remained as senior research fellow until 1981. he gave a paper at the 9th symposium of the natiohnal deviancy conference in january 1972 entitled 'a motor-bike subculture

during the 1980`s willis served as youth policy adviser to wolverhampton borough council in the english midlands. there he produced the youth review (published by the council and ashgate) which formed the basis for youth policy and for the formation of the democratically elected youth council, both still functioning. during the 1990s he served first as head of the division of media, communications and cultural studies, and then as a member of the professoriate at the university of wolverhampton. in 2000 willis co-founded the sage journal, ethnography. in 2003 willis was hired as a head professor of social and cultural ethnography at keele university.