Read this excerpt from a loyalty oath taken in feudal england.

by the lord before whom this sanctuary is holy, i will to n. be true and faithful, and love all which he loves and shun all which he shuns, according to the laws of god and the order of the world. nor will i ever with will or action, through word or deed, do anything which is unpleasing to him, on condition that he will hold to me as i shall deserve it, and that he will perform everything as it was in our agreement when i submitted myself to him and chose his will.

which sentence best summarizes the intent of this oath?

a. the vassal promises to worship the lord above god.
b. the vassal promises to serve the lord under all conditions.
c. the vassal promises to be loyal to his lord.
d. the vassal promises to be faithful to god.

The correct answer is the third (C).

It is about the vassalage, a relation of hierarchy that existed during the Feudalism. First and foremost, vassalage was a pact of honor and fidelity. The vassal received a portion of the land of the king, the suzerain, and swore loyalty even in cases of war. The vassalage had importance in guaranteeing the cohesion of the dominating class that ensured the reproduction of the social relations of production.

profound political, administrative, and social changes in the british isles.

paul willis (born 1950) is a british social scientist known for his work in sociology and cultural studies. paul willis' work is widely read in the fields of sociology, anthropology, and education, his work emphasizing consumer culture, socialization, music, and popular culture. he was born in wolverhampton[1] and received his education at the university of cambridge and at the university of birmingham. he worked at centre for contemporary cultural studies and subsequently at the university of wolverhampton. he was a professor of social/cultural ethnography at keele university. in the autumn of 2010, he left keele university and is now a professor at princeton university.

paul willis’s work has focused mainly, but not exclusively, on the ethnographic study of lived cultural forms in a wide variety of contexts. from highly structured to weakly structured ones, willis examines how practices of `informal cultural production` to produce and construct cultural worlds `from below`.[2]

trained in literary criticism at cambridge,[2] paul willis received his phd in 1972 from the centre for contemporary cultural studies at birmingham university where he remained as senior research fellow until 1981. he gave a paper at the 9th symposium of the natiohnal deviancy conference in january 1972 entitled 'a motor-bike subculture

during the 1980`s willis served as youth policy adviser to wolverhampton borough council in the english midlands. there he produced the youth review (published by the council and ashgate) which formed the basis for youth policy and for the formation of the democratically elected youth council, both still functioning. during the 1990s he served first as head of the division of media, communications and cultural studies, and then as a member of the professoriate at the university of wolverhampton. in 2000 willis co-founded the sage journal, ethnography. in 2003 willis was hired as a head professor of social and cultural ethnography at keele university.