Italy and germany emerged as nation-states in the nineteenth century as a result of
popular nationalism
civic nationalism
paternalism
privatization

the answer would be civic nationalism

Explanation:

"The unification of Italy and Germany as nation-states in the nineteenth century is an example of civic nationalism. Political leaders like Otto von Bismarck played a role in creating a German state. Similarly, Victor Emmanuel and Prime Minister Count Camillo di Cavour fought for national unity of Italy."

the answer is aristophanes comedies.

the puritans were a group of people who grew discontent in the church of england the common unity strengthened the community.