The crusades exposed western europeans to ideas and discoveries of the muslim world, resulting in
a hatred for muslim culture and science within europe.
a decrease in christianity within europe itself.
an understanding and peace between christians and muslims.
an increase in european education and thought.

you are correct Littlett917 :-)

cuz just took the test and it was right.

(an increase in European education and thought)

the doctrine of nullification recommended that states living inside the union have the one-sided, inalienable ideal to void any law made by the national government that could be esteemed illegal.

the united states was shaped based on a general agreement among its individual states. hence, it is inferred that under the hypothesis of invalidation, since the states are the establishment of the union, they have the ability to referee and disprove unlawful laws.

d

explanation: