Hich term refers to a form of collective social behavior that persists over a long period and gradually finds place as a tradition in society?

A form of collective social behavior that persists over a long period  and gradually finds place as a tradition is called a custom. Examples:

Drinking a glass of wine with each meal--French custom (although  that  might changing due to economic woe and other variables)

Saying a prayer before each meal--Latin American custom (although  it's a custom in other places too, and not every Latin American does this)

from the conditions of the working class in england by friedrich engels,the main idea is :

manchester's leaders hoped to oppress its working class to benefit factory owners.