"the split arose from a dispute over who should succeed the prophet muhammad after his death in ad 632. some followers believed his successor should be chosen by tribal consensus, and they named one of muahmmad's inner circle as the first caliph, or spiritual leader. but others thought the successor should come directly form the prophet's family, namely his counsin and son in-law "

the situation described in this passage led to

a) pogroms in russia
b) fall of constantinople
c) division of sunnis and shiites
d) tensions between protestants and catholics