Which of the following u. s. presidents was the first to endorse the policy of affirmative action in 1961?

an unexpected salary cut

the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).

the constitution gives congress the power to regulate commerce "among" the several states.