What reforms did kemal ataturk launch to modernize and westernize turkey?

how did reza shah pahlavi rule both as a reformer and as an autocrat?

What motivated germany to make an alliance with austria-hungary?   a.  fear of aggression from the united states      b.  fear of aggression from france      c.  the desire to invade russia      d.  fear of aggression from england

The government used a controversial bailout program to a. homeowners struggling with mortgage b. foreign banks overload with that c.automakers on the verge of collapse d.construction companies losing jobs

After world war one, how did the allied countries hope to keep germany from becoming too powerful again?