Which of the following best expresses the radical republican philosophy of reconstruction?

the southern states never left the union.

if 10% of the voters took an oath of allegiance, the state would be restored to the union.

if conventions in southern states would amend their constitutions and repudiate their war debts, the state would be restored to the union.

the states were conquered territories that were to be ruled by military governors.

Radical Republican philosophy of Reconstruction was that the  states were conquered territories that were to be ruled by military governors.

Explanation:

Radical Republicans wanted to punish the Southern States for their past rebellion, and who also wanted to impose their radical reforms in relation to the former slaves.  

The southern states did not want to grant full citizenship to the blacks who had been slaves; the Congress of the United States, dominated by the radical republicans, used the Army to impose provisional governments in the ex-rebel states. It also approved the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States to guarantee equality between whites and blacks (including the right to vote for blacks); and forced the southern states to ratify them.

ghana achieved independence peacefully, while algeria gained independence through an armed struggle.