Which of the following was not a characteristic of the ancient persian emipre

Persian empire was the largest empire that the ancient world had seen

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This concept of fate became the new meaning of "ming." so the idea of "tian ming," the mandate of heaven, was first used by the kings of the  zhou dynasty,  who  justified their overthrow of the shang by saying that heaven had punished the shang for immorality and transferred its favor to the  zhou.