Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the united states, in congress assembled.
— article ii, articles of confederation
the powers not delegated to the united states by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
— 10th amendment, united states constitution
the purpose of each of these provisions is to
(1)determine the division of power between state and central governments
(2)create a process for allowing amendments
(3)grant the central government power to control the states
(4)limit the power of the executive branch