Minimum of 5 sentences, .
as you’ve learned in previous lessons, europe fought a number of wars. throughout much of its history, europe was the site of nearly continuous warfare. indeed, wars are sometimes the central historical events that students of european history study. but why were there so many wars? did these wars benefit europeans? what was the cost of these wars?

A problem of the period concerned the merchants, bankers and artisans of Europe's largest cities and towns who resented the fact that local bishops of the Church controlled all of their commercial and economic activities. Although capitalism as a form of economic organization had not yet infiltrated Europe, these producers and money-makers knew that more money and power was theirs if only their lives were less regulated by the Church. Again, I think what we are witnessing here is the development of a secular concept of work and acquisition. Yet another problem facing the Church was that in the 16th century there were numerous reformers who were openly criticizing the Church for its numerous offenses. Priests married and then took mistresses, holy offices were bought and sold for the highest price, incompetence among the clergy became the rule, the congregation of more and more people in towns and cities perhaps exposed the amorality and immorality of the clergy. In a word, the problem was corruption.

Meanwhile, peasants in England, Italy, France, Germany and elsewhere were also on the move. They began to revolt openly against both the clergy and the aristocracy. Their grievances were the most complicated of all -- their revolt was against political, economic, social and religious authority. And despite the Inquisition, the work of the Dominicans and Franciscans, and even a holy crusade, heretics and heresies continue to grow more numerous and more vocal.

nativists tried to get rid of the immigrants as they thought they were going to ruin the u.s.  

question:  

the chart compares religious beliefs to us political party support.

religious beliefs and party support, 2012

this chart demonstrates that

a) more highly religious people supported the republican candidate, while more nonreligious people supported the democratic candidate.

b) more highly religious people supported the democratic candidate, while more nonreligious people supported the republican candidate.

c) more moderately religious people supported the republican candidate, while more nonreligious people supported the democratic candidate.

d) more moderately religious people supported the democratic candidate, while more nonreligious people supported the republican candidate.

answer: a.