Which of these factors did not contribute to making mali a powerful kingdom?

a. guidance of an intelligent and strong leader
b. creation of a large and powerful army
c. cooperation with the kingdom of ghana
d. development and protection of trade routes

American express has a long history of working for the good of all in its new york community. in 1885, it engaged its employees to raise money to build the pedestal of the statue of liberty, and today has a program to restore, preserve and revitalize historic sites in new york city. these actions by american express are partial fulfillment of the the firm has established for itself as a corporate citizen.