Which mathematical innovation did the early muslims caliphates achieve

The correct answer is - Algebra.

The Muslim Caliphates managed to get hold on to lots of works and inventions from the civilizations before them, so they had a lot of material to learn and develop. One of the things that caught their eye the most was the math, and they kind of became obsessed with it. Lots of scholars were becoming mathematicians, and they were giving it special attention, and over time, from the dedication from it, a new innovation came through, the algebra.

they usually pass federal laws

and sometimes in the elections of the president

the answer is a. the harappan civilisation is also called the indus valley civilisation, this is because they built their cities along the indus river. the reason behind this location can be found in the rest of the "old world" civilisations like mesopotamia or egypt, the first built their cities along the rivers tigris and euphrates, the second along the nil; : their respective civilisations thrived because the overflowing of their respective rivers produced favorable conditions for agriculture, their main support.