According to Berlin, “what distinguished societies with slaves was the fact that slaves were marginal to the central productive process;slavery was just one form of labor among many.”

Which of the following led to a continuation of the treatment in the excerpt above? a)the brutality of the trans-atlantic african slave trade. b)spanish repression after violent native uprisings in new spain during the 16th century. c)european competition to quickly establish colonial holdings in the new world. d)the reliance of the spanish on native americans to provide labor under the encomienda system.