The political parties have tended to identify with which areas of the political spectrum?

Escribir en español, por favor.?

executive, (president and about 5,000,000 workers) legislative (senate and house of representatives) and judicial (supreme court and lower courts)

explanation:

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.