Asian reactions to Western claims of racial and cultural superiority, such as the reaction by Shigenobu in the passage, were also instrumental in the period 1918-1945 in the
O growing popularity of laissez-faire economic policies in Asian states
O growing number of conversions to Christianity among Asian peoples
O intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements
O establishment of European immigrant enclaves in many parts of South and East Asia

intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements

Explanation:

Asian reactions to Western claims of racial and cultural superiority were strongly grounded in the activities of anti-imperialist resistance and independence movements, especially in relation to European cultures that established a strong imperialist policy, which reinforced the idea of racial superiority, being highly damaging for the whole world and damaging world peace and intensifying scenarios of intolerance, xenophobia, disrespect and racism.

independent innovation during the abbasid caliphate

the congress realized that action had to be.