What happened on august 13, 1961?​

“On August 13, 1961, Berlin woke up to a shock: the East German Army had begun construction on the infamous Berlin Wall. ... It entirely cut off West Berlin from the surrounding East Germany, prohibiting East Germans to pass into West Germany.”

Hope this helps!

Explanation:

c.) the country needed a stronger central government.

yes

explanation:

the fighting words doctrine, in united states constitutional law, is a limitation to freedom of speech as protected by the first amendment to the united states constitution. in 1942, the u.s. supreme court established the doctrine by a 9–0 decision in chaplinsky v. new hampshire.