invaded Spain and Portugal, creating political instability that their colonists who sought independence could capitalize on. was a movement that called for the end of slavery across the world. The formed the second-highest elite social class in colonial Latin America. A shared sense of unity based on ethnicity, language, and customs is called . Latin America exported such as sugar, copper, and beef to the industrialized countries of Europe and North America. In , the independence movement was first led by mestizos and Native Americans, rather than the upper-class elite. Respond to the following based on your reading. Why did European practices and customs, like drinking tea, continue to be practiced in newly independent Latin American nations? Explain the role that Latin America played in the global economy following independence. Explain the motives behind the abolition of slavery in the nineteenth century. How did different social and racial groups benefit from independence in Latin America?

1.Napoleon Bonaparte

2.Abolitionism

3.creoles

4.nationalism

5.raw materials

6.Mexico

7.) In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Latin American elites still dominated the ruling class even though the nations were independent. These elites were largely comprised of people of European descent, who sought to maintain their European traditions by embracing European fashion and culture.

8.) Following independence, Latin America participated in the global economy by exporting large amounts of raw materials, including sugar, silver, beef, copper, and rubber. These raw materials were sent to industrialized countries in Europe and North America in exchange for imports such as machine-made products, textiles, and luxury items.

9.) The abolition of slavery was inspired by three things. The first was the thinking of the Enlightenment, which emphasized equality. The second was religious movements that emphasized the worth of all humans. The third was the economic changes that arose with the shift from agrarian to industrialized economies, as free labor competed with enslaved labor.

10.) Upper-class and middle-class whites, or creoles, benefitted the most from Latin American independence. They were able to form the new governments and they economically benefited from participation in the global economy. In contrast, most people in the lower class benefitted very little from independence, with the notable exception of enslaved people, who achieved freedom.

Explanation: