1. Compare the Abbasid and Fatimid impact on Africa.

The Abbasids distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their moral character and administration. In particular, they appealed to non-Arab Muslims, known as mawali, who remained outside the kinship-based society of the Arabs and were perceived as a lower class within the Umayyad empire.

ghana achieved independence peacefully, while algeria gained independence through an armed struggle.