The father of modern political science is considered to be

Machiavelli is considered to be the father of modern political science. The prince was his  first book on political philosophy. It was written by Machiavelli. The prince was not the only book about politics. Discourse on Pisa and A Discourse about the provision of Money were other books about politics. Most of the works of western philosophy came from churches and were mostly religious work while Machiavelli talks about the government and the socio-economics jut like the Romans and Greek did.

although the crusades failed to capture jerusalem, they had several major impacts on western europe. they increased the authority of the king: sometimes nobles died in battle without leaving an heir in which case the king got their land. kings passed taxes to pay for the crusades.

it was the "4. potsdam" conference that demanded the unconditional surrender of japan, since it was clear that the japanese would continue to find until the very last man otherwise.